[1]汪梦竹,安乐乐,莫永利,等.抗菌肽的分类、活性与分子作用机制综述[J].江苏农业科学,2025,53(24):16-25.
　Wang Mengzhu,et al.Classification，activity and molecular mechanism of antimicrobial peptides： a review[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2025,53(24):16-25.
点击复制

抗菌肽的分类、活性与分子作用机制综述()

《江苏农业科学》[ISSN:1002-1302/CN:32-1214/S]

卷:
第53卷
期数:
2025年第24期
页码:
16-25
栏目:
专论与综述
出版日期:
2025-12-20

文章信息/Info

Title:
Classification，activity and molecular mechanism of antimicrobial peptides： a review
作者:
汪梦竹1; 2; 安乐乐1; 3; 莫永利1; 张书斌1; 李倬3; 赵永清3
1.西北民族大学生物医学研究中心/生物工程与技术国家民委重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730030；2.辽宁农业职业技术学院畜牧兽医学院，辽宁营口 115009； 3.西北民族大学生命科学与工程学院，甘肃兰州 730010
Author(s):
Wang Mengzhu; et al
关键词:
抗菌肽; 结构; 抗菌性; 作用机制
Keywords:
-
分类号:
S188；S852.4
DOI:
-
文献标志码:
A
摘要:
在当前微生物对畜禽的侵害和多药耐药性等问题日益严峻的背景下，寻求具有抗耐药性的抗生素替代物已经成为现今研究的热点。抗菌肽作为一种在自然界广泛存在的天然肽，具有良好的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、调控免疫等多方面的生物活性功能以及相对低毒性的优势，可以通过破坏细菌质膜结构、干扰病原体正常的生命过程、抑制细胞壁合成等作用方式诱导病原体死亡，因此被广泛关注并应用于医学、药物研究领域。抗菌肽对耐药微生物具有良好作用，且不易使细菌等病原微生物产生耐药性。通过综述抗菌肽的发现及分类，聚焦于其广泛的生物学活性、独特的分子作用机制的最新研究进展，提出更深入地探索抗菌肽的生物活性机制、进行结构优化及修饰、开发新的应用领域等展望，以期为今后在人类医学及兽医学领域的有关抗菌肽的研究提供参考。
Abstract:
-

参考文献/References:

［1］Tan P，Fu H Y，Ma X. Design，optimization，and nanotechnology of antimicrobial peptides：from exploration to applications［J］. Nano Today，2021，39：101229.
［2］Mahlapuu M，Bjrn C，Ekblom J. Antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents：opportunities and challenges［J］. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology，2020，40(7)：978-992.
［3］Moretta A，Scieuzo C，Petrone A M，et al. Antimicrobial peptides：a new hope in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields［J］. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology，2021，11：668632.
［4］Yi H Y，Chowdhury M，Huang Y D，et al. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications［J］. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology，2014，98(13)：5807-5822.
［5］Huang H W，Charron N E. Understanding membrane-active antimicrobial peptides［J］. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics，2017，50：e10.
［6］van Eijk M，Boerefijn S，Cen L D，et al. Cathelicidin-inspired antimicrobial peptides as novel antifungal compounds［J］. Medical Mycology，2020，58(8)：1073-1084.
［7］White J H. Emerging roles of vitamin D-induced antimicrobial peptides in antiviral innate immunity［J］. Nutrients，2022，14(2)：284.
［8］Mousavi Maleki M S，Rostamian M，Madanchi H. Antimicrobial peptides and other peptide-like therapeutics as promising candidates to combat SARS-CoV-2［J］. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy，2021，19(10)：1205-1217.
［9］Gan B H，Gaynord J，Rowe S M，et al. The multifaceted nature of antimicrobial peptides：current synthetic chemistry approaches and future directions［J］. Chemical Society Reviews，2021，50(13)：7820-7880.
［10］Fleming A，Wright A E. On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions［J］. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series，1922，93(653)，306-317.
［11］Rogers L A，Whittier E O. Limiting factors in the lactic fermentation［J］. Journal of Bacteriology，1928，16(4)：211-229.
［12］Dubos R J. Studies on a bactericidal agent extracted from a soil Bacillus：Ⅱ. protective effect of the bactericidal agent against experimental pneumococcus infections in mice［J］. The Journal of Experimental Medicine，1939，70(1)：11-17.
［13］Hultmark D，Steiner H，Rasmuson T，et al. Insect immunity. Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia［J］. European Journal of Biochemistry，1980，106(1)：7-16.
［14］Patterson-Delafield J，Szklarek D，Martinez R J，et al. Microbicidal cationic proteins of rabbit alveolar macrophages：amino acid composition and functional attributes［J］. Infection and Immunity，1981，31(2)：723-731.
［15］Okada M，Natori S. Purification and characterization of an antibacterial protein from haemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh-fly) larvae［J］. The Biochemical Journal，1983，211(3)：727-734.
［16］Zasloff M. Magainins，a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin：isolation，characterization of two active forms，and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America，1987，84(15)：5449-5453.
［17］Patocka J，Nepovimova E，Klimova B，et al. Antimicrobial peptides：amphibian host defense peptides［J］. Current Medicinal Chemistry，2019，26(32)：5924-5946.
［18］Mishra A K，Choi J，Moon E，et al. Tryptophan-rich and proline-rich antimicrobial peptides［J］. Molecules，2018，23(4)：815.
［19］Oren Z，Shai Y. Mode of action of linear amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides［J］. Biopolymers，1998，47(6)：451-463.
［20］Pino-Angeles A，Leveritt J M 3rd，Lazaridis T. Pore structure and synergy in antimicrobial peptides of the Magainin family［J］. PLoS Computational Biology，2016，12(1)：e1004570.
［21］Yang X W，Lee W H，Zhang Y. Extremely abundant antimicrobial peptides existed in the skins of nine kinds of Chinese odorous frogs［J］. Journal of Proteome Research，2012，11(1)：306-319.
［22］Ahmed A，Siman-Tov G，Hall G，et al. Human antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for viral infections［J］. Viruses，2019，11(8)：704.
［23］Manniello M D，Moretta A，Salvia R，et al. Insect antimicrobial peptides：potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance［J］. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences，2021，78(9)：4259-4282.
［24］Alhadrami H A，Sayed A M，Hassan H M，et al. Cecropin A improves the antibacterial activity of hen egg white lysozyme against challenging Salmonella enterica serovars［J］. Pharmaceutics，2022，14(10)：2201.
［25］许丽君，张瑞，董春明. 抗菌肽LL-37研究进展［J］. 军事医学，2022，46(7)：551-557.
［26］McMillan K A M，Coombs M R P. Review：examining the natural role of amphibian antimicrobial peptide Magainin［J］. Molecules，2020，25(22)：5436.
［27］Bulet P，Stcklin R，Menin L. Anti-microbial peptides：from invertebrates to vertebrates［J］. Immunological Reviews，2004，198：169-184.
［28］Edwards I A，Elliott A G，Kavanagh A M，et al. Contribution of amphipathicity and hydrophobicity to the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of β-hairpin peptides［J］. ACS Infectious Diseases，2016，2(6)：442-450.
［29］Xu D，Lu W Y.Defensins：a double-edged sword in host immunity［J］. Frontiers in Immunology，2020，11：764.
［30］Gao X H，Ding J Q，Liao C B，et al. Defensins：the natural peptide antibiotic［J］. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews，2021，179：114008.
［31］Ou J Y，Liang S N，Guo X K，et al. α-defensins promote Bacteroides colonization on mucosal reservoir to prevent antibiotic-induced dysbiosis［J］. Frontiers in Immunology，2020，11：2065.
［32］Li X，Lin Y F，Yao J W，et al. Protegrin-1 inhibits porcine ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis from H2O2-induced oxidative stress via the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP signaling pathway in vitro［J］. Theriogenology，2022，179：117-127.
［33］Falanga A，Nigro E，de Biasi M G，et al. Cyclic peptides as novel therapeutic microbicides：engineering of human defensin mimetics［J］. Molecules，2017，22(7)：1217.
［34］Skeate J G，Segerink W H，Garcia M D，et al. Theta-defensins inhibit high-risk human papillomavirus infection through charge-driven capsid clustering［J］. Frontiers in Immunology，2020，11：561843.
［35］Peng G，Tsukamoto S，Ikutama R，et al. Human β-defensin-3 attenuates atopic dermatitis-like inflammation through autophagy activation and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway［J］. The Journal of Clinical Investigation，2022，132(17)：e156501.
［36］Vriens K，Cammue B P A，Thevissen K. Antifungal plant defensins：mechanisms of action and production［J］. Molecules，2014，19(8)：12280-12303.
［37］de Oliveira Dias R，Franco O L. Cysteine-stabilized αβ defensins：from a common fold to antibacterial activity［J］. Peptides，2015，72：64-72.
［38］Corrêa-Almeida C，Borba-Santos L P，Rollin-Pinheiro R，et al. Characterization of Aspergillus nidulans biofilm formation and structure and their inhibition by pea defensin Ps d2［J］. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences，2022，9：795255.
［39］Cabezas-Cruz A，Tonk M，Bleackley M R，et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of defensins from the Australian paralysis tick，Ixodes holocyclus［J］. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases，2019，10(6)：101269.
［40］Fruitwala S，El-Naccache D W，Chang T L. Multifaceted immune functions of human defensins and underlying mechanisms［J］. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology，2019，88：163-172.
［41］Chan D I，Prenner E J，Vogel H J. Tryptophan-and arginine-rich antimicrobial peptides：structures and mechanisms of action［J］. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes，2006，1758(9)：1184-1202.
［42］Wang G S. Antimicrobial peptides：discovery，design and novel therapeutic strategies［M］. Wallingford，UK：CABI，2017：169-187.
［43］Nguyen L T，Schibli D J，Vogel H J. Structural studies and model membrane interactions of two peptides derived from bovine lactoferricin［J］. Journal of Peptide Science，2005，11(7)：379-389.
［44］Lee J T Y，Wang G S，Tam Y T，et al. Membrane-active epithelial keratin 6A fragments (KAMPs) are unique human antimicrobial peptides with a non-αβ structure［J］. Frontiers in Microbiology，2016，7：1799.
［45］Lai R，Liu H，Hui Lee W，et al. An anionic antimicrobial peptide from toad Bombina maxima［J］. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications，2002，295(4)：796-799.
［46］Song C，de Groot B L，Sansom M S P. Lipid bilayer composition influences the activity of the antimicrobial peptide dermcidin channel［J］. Biophysical Journal，2019，116(9)：1658-1666.
［47］苗建银，柯畅，郭浩贤，等. 抗菌肽的提取分离及抑菌机理研究进展［J］. 现代食品科技，2014，30(01)：233-240.
［48］Bellavita R，Falanga A，Buommino E，et al. Novel temporin L antimicrobial peptides：promoting self-assembling by lipidic tags to tackle superbugs［J］. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry，2020，35(1)：1751-1764.
［49］Le M N，Kawada-Matsuo M，Komatsuzawa H. Efficiency of antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant staphylococcal pathogens［J］. Frontiers in Microbiology，2022，13：930629.
［50］王炜，任伟宏. 天蚕素多肽分子对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用［J］. 中国人兽共患病学报，2013，29(6)：533-536.
［51］Fernández de Ullivarri M，Arbulu S，Garcia-Gutierrez E，et al. Antifungal peptides as therapeutic agents［J］. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology，2020，10：105.
［52］Roscetto E，Contursi P，Vollaro A，et al. Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of the first cryptic antimicrobial peptide from an archaeal protein against Candida spp. clinical isolates［J］. Scientific Reports，2018，8(1)：17570.
［53］Han Y Z，Zhao J J，Zhang B，et al. Effect of a novel antifungal peptide P852 on cell morphology and membrane permeability of Fusarium oxysporum［J］. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes，2019，1861(2)：532-539.
［54］Tyagi A，Pankaj V，Singh S，et al. PlantAFP：a curated database of plant-origin antifungal peptides［J］. Amino Acids，2019，51(10/11/12)：1561-1568.
［55］DAuria F D，Casciaro B，de Angelis M，et al. Antifungal activity of the frog skin peptide temporin G and its effect on Candida albicans virulence factors［J］. International Journal of Molecular Sciences，2022，23(11)：6345.
［56］Wilson S S，Wiens M E，Smith J G. Antiviral mechanisms of human defensins［J］. Journal of Molecular Biology，2013，425(24)：4965-4980.
［57］Sunagar S G，Savanurmath C J，Hinchigeri S B. The profiles of red fluorescent proteins with antinucleopolyhedrovirus activity in races of the silkworm Bombyx mori［J］. Journal of Insect Physiology，2011，57(12)：1707-1714.
［58］田竺青，杨隆兵，朱丽娟，等. 家蝇新型抗菌肽抗肿瘤活性研究［J］. 中国临床药理学杂志，2022，38(11)：1207-1210.
［59］Janssen E M，Dy S M，Meara A S，et al. Analysis of patient preferences in lung cancer-estimating acceptable tradeoffs between treatment benefit and side effects［J］. Patient Preference and Adherence，2020，14：927-937.
［60］Lee M R，Raman N，Ortiz-Bermúdez P，et al. 14-helical β-peptides elicit toxicity against C.albicans by forming pores in the cell membrane and subsequently disrupting intracellular organelles［J］. Cell Chemical Biology，2019，26(2)：289-299，e4.
［61］Hong J J，Lu X M，Deng Z X，et al. How melittin inserts into cell membrane：conformational changes，inter-peptide cooperation，and disturbance on the membrane［J］. Molecules，2019，24(9)：1775.
［62］Malanovic N，Lohner K. Gram-positive bacterial cell envelopes：The impact on the activity of antimicrobial peptides［J］. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes，2016，1858(5)：936-946.
［63］Sharma P，Kaur J，Sharma G，et al. Plant derived antimicrobial peptides：mechanism of target，isolation techniques，sources and pharmaceutical applications［J］. Journal of Food Biochemistry，2022，46(10)：e14348.
［64］Braffman N R，Piscotta F J，Hauver J，et al. Structural mechanism of transcription inhibition by lasso peptides microcin J25 and capistruin［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America，2019，116(4)：1273-1278.
［65］Muoz-Camargo C，Salazar V A，Barrero-Guevara L，et al. Unveiling the multifaceted mechanisms of antibacterial activity of buforin Ⅱ and frenatin 2.3S peptides from skin micro-organs of the Orinoco lime treefrog (Sphaenorhynchus lacteus)［J］. International Journal of Molecular Sciences，2018，19(8)：2170.
［66］Su Y L，Wang G H，Wang J J，et al. TC26，a teleost TFPI-1 derived antibacterial peptide that induces degradation of bacterial nucleic acids and inhibits bacterial infection in vivo［J］. Fish & Shellfish Immunology，2020，98：508-514.
［67］Handley T N G，Li W Y，Welch N G，et al. Evaluation of potential DnaK modulating proline-rich antimicrobial peptides identified by computational screening［J］. Frontiers in Chemistry，2022，10：875233.
［68］Mardirossian M，Pérébaskine N，Benincasa M，et al. The dolphin proline-rich antimicrobial peptide Tur1A inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the bacterial ribosome［J］. Cell Chemical Biology，2018，25(5)：530-539.e7.
［69］Dewangan R P，Verma D P，Verma N K，et al. Spermine-conjugated short proline-rich lipopeptides as broad-spectrum intracellular targeting antibacterial agents［J］. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry，2022，65(7)：5433-5448.
［70］Armas F，di Stasi A，Mardirossian M，et al. Effects of lipidation on a proline-rich antibacterial peptide［J］. International Journal of Molecular Sciences，2021，22(15)：7959.
［71］Chileveru H R，Lim S A，Chairatana P，et al. Visualizing attack of Escherichia coli by the antimicrobial peptide human defensin 5［J］. Biochemistry，2015，54(9)：1767-1777.
［72］Hort M，Bertsche U，Nozinovic S，et al. The role of β-glycosylated wall teichoic acids in the reduction of vancomycin susceptibility in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus［J］. Microbiology Spectrum，2021，9(2)：e0052821.
［73］Zhanel G G，Schweizer F，Karlowsky J A. Oritavancin：mechanism of action［J］. Clinical Infectious Diseases，2012，54(Suppl 3)：S214-S219.
［74］Chiorean S，Antwi I，Carney D W，et al. Dissecting the binding interactions of teixobactin with the bacterial cell-wall precursor lipid Ⅱ［J］. Chembiochem，2020，21(6)：789-792.
［75］Panina I，Krylov N，Nolde D，et al. Environmental and dynamic effects explain how nisin captures membrane-bound lipid Ⅱ［J］. Scientific Reports，2020，10(1)：8821.
［76］Qi S D，Gao B，Zhu S Y. A fungal defensin inhibiting bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis with non-hemolysis and serum stability［J］. Journal of Fungi，2022，8(2)：174.
［77］Li L H，Ju T C，Hsieh C Y，et al. A synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptide inhibits inflammatory response and the NLRP3 inflammasome by neutralizing LPS and ATP［J］. PLoS One，2017，12(7)：e0182057.
［78］Correa W，Heinbockel L，Behrends J，et al. Antibacterial action of synthetic antilipopolysaccharide peptides (SALP) involves neutralization of both membrane-bound and free toxins［J］. The FEBS Journal，2019，286(8)：1576-1593.
［79］Guo C F，Li J，Lee W H，et al. A novel peptide identified from skin secretions of Bombina maxima possesses LPS-neutralizing activity［J］. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications，2021，550：107-112.
［80］Kumari T，Verma D P，Kuldeep J，et al. 10-residue MyD88-peptide adopts β-sheet structure，self-assembles，binds to lipopolysaccharides，and rescues mice from endotoxin-mediated lung-infection and death［J］. ACS Chemical Biology，2022，17(12)：3420-3434.
［81］Póciennikowska A，Hromada-Judycka A，Borzcka K，et al. Co-operation of TLR4 and raft proteins in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling［J］. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences，2015，72(3)：557-581.
［82］Mookherjee N，Brown K L，Bowdish D M E，et al. Modulation of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response by the endogenous human host defense peptide LL-37［J］. Journal of Immunology，2006，176(4)：2455-2464.
［83］Kang D D，Park J，Park Y. Therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptide PN5 against multidrug-resistant E. coli and anti-inflammatory activity in a septic mouse model［J］. Microbiology Spectrum，2022，10(5)：e0149422.
［84］Kumagai Y，Murakami T，Kuwahara-Arai，et al. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 ameliorates a murine sepsis model via the induction of microvesicle release from neutrophils［J］. Innate Immunity，2020，26(7)：565-579.
［85］Yu Y Y，Zhang Y Y，Zhang Y R，et al. LL-37-induced human mast cell activation through G protein-coupled receptor MrgX2［J］. International Immunopharmacology，2017，49：6-12.
［86］Kim J，Yang Y L，Jang Y S. Human β-defensin 2 is involved in CCR2-mediated Nod2 signal transduction，leading to activation of the innate immune response in macrophages［J］. Immunobiology，2019，224(4)：502-510.
［87］Gracia A，Polewicz M，Halperin S A，et al. Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations［J］. Vaccine，2011，29(8)：1595-1604.

相似文献/References:

[1]张意松,黄晖,薛忠,等.4UMS-900型木薯收获机的研制[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(10):367.
　Zhang Yisong,et al.Development of 4UMS-900 cassava harvesting machine[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(24):367.
[2]刘婉,徐小林,郑兴峰.反枝苋营养器官耐旱性解剖特征[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(12):334.
　Liu Wan,et al.Anatomical characteristics relative to drought resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus vegetative organs[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(24):334.
[3]宋金枝,于剑瑞,刘伟,等.长白山区野生羊肚菌结构与生长分析[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(09):231.
　Song Jinzhi,et al.Analysis of structure and growth of Morehella esculenta (L.) Pers. in Changbai Mountain area[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(24):231.
[4]王宏亮,李昂,那杰.抗菌肽在果蔬保鲜中的应用[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(03):238.
　Wang Hongliang,et al.Application of antimicrobial peptides in preservation of fruits and vegetables[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(24):238.
[5]罗庆华,谢坚,李捷,等.全球变化背景下中国大鲵生态繁育工程的结构与功能分析[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(10):292.
　Luo Qinghua,et al.Analysis of structure and function of ecological breeding project of Andrias davidianus under global change background[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(24):292.
[6]陈明江,高庆生,曲浩丽,等.县域秸秆燃料化利用模式分析与发展建议[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(06):318.
　Chen Mingjiang,et al.Analysis and proposals on county level mode of straw fuel-oriented utilization[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(24):318.
[7]武慧,宋明霞,宁思淇,等.紫花苜蓿的抗菌肽基因Rev4遗传转化[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(07):44.
　Wu Hui,et al.Genetic transformation of antimicrobial peptide gene Rev4] in Medicago sativa[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(24):44.
[8]郭爱华.盐胁迫对荞麦幼苗生长及结构的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(08):68.
　Guo Aihua.Influences of salt stress on growth and structure of Fagopyrum esculentum seedlings[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(24):68.
[9]朱方林,易中懿,朱大威.江苏省农业结构调整战略性选择[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(19):33.
　Zhu Fanglin,et al.Strategic choice of agricultural structure adjustment in Jiangsu Province[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(24):33.
[10]谢昆,王丽仙,王靖,等.家蚕抗菌肽基因BmMoricin的克隆及重组蛋白的自诱导表达[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(21):52.
　Xie Kun,et al.Cloning of BmMoricin antibacterial peptide gene and auto-induction expression of recombinant proteins from Bombyx mori[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(24):52.

备注/Memo

备注/Memo:
收稿日期：2024-11-22
基金项目：甘肃省自然科学基金(编号：21JR1RA221)；甘肃省兰州市科技计划(编号：2023-1-31)；中央高校基本科研业务费项目(编号：31920220050)。
作者简介：汪梦竹(1997—)，女，山东济宁人，硕士研究生，主要从事小分子活性肽抗微生物研究。E-mail：547493109@qq.com。
通信作者：赵永清，硕士，副教授，硕士生导师，主要从事小分子活性肽对动物病毒性疾病的作用机制研究。E-mail：450883800@qq.com。
更新日期/Last Update: 2025-12-20